The first microprocessors appeared in the early 1970s and were immediately employed in personal computers. A popular question in those early years was: Why would anyone want a computer at home? Typical answers were: To balance your checking account, to store your recipes, and to help you compute your taxes. It was only a few years later, when many already owned personal computers, that computer owners discovered the real reasons for the usefulness of their machines. We buy and use personal computers mainly because they provide us with communications and entertainment. Games, initially primitive, were written for the early personal computers and became a powerful selling tool in the hands of computer salespersons because of the entertainment they provided. The development of email in the 1970s and of the World Wide Web in the 1980s have turned computers into tools for communications, which is why they became the common household appliances they are today. Most owners of home computers use their computers to play games and to communicate, to send and receive email, and to browse the Internet. Relatively few users perform computations, benefit from a personal data base, or know how to use a spreadsheet. Once personal computers became a part of our lives, it had quickly been realized that like many other technological advances, computers and data networks have their dark side. Security problems in the form of malicious programs, loss of privacy, and floods of unwanted advertisement and spam, have popped up immediately and have become a way of life for virtually every computer user. Exercise Intro.1: What industry is the biggest user of computers? Definitions. The dictionary defines security as “the quality or state of being free from danger” or “measures taken to guard against espionage or sabotage, crime, attack, or escape.” This book explores some of the ways computers and computer networks are put at risk by perpetrators, hackers, and other wrongdoers. The terms “attack” and “threat” are used here to identify any activity that aims to gain access to computers for malicious purposes

 

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